Soil Conservation Service Curve Number Scs-cn Methodology

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-05-01
Publisher(s): Kluwer Academic Pub
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Summary

Recent contributions have significantly enhanced the understanding of the SCS-CN method and consequently its application potential. In the simplest form, the fundamental proportionality concept of the method relates the two orthogonal hydrological processes of surface water and ground water and the other hypothesis relates to the atmospheric process. Qualitatively, the method broadly integrates all the three major processes of the hydrologic cycle; and therefore it can form one of the fundamental concepts of hydrology. This textbook is aimed at presenting an up-to-date account of the SCS-CN method and clarify its potential for practical applications, and especially those other than originally intended.The subject matter of the book is divided into nine chapters, treating the following topics: a brief introduction of rainfall-runoff modeling and elements of catchment, precipitation, interception, surface detention and depression storage, evaporation, infiltration, runoff, and the runoff hydrograph; the factors affecting the curve number (CN), the determination of CN, the use of NEH-4 tables, sensitivity analysis, advantages and limitations of the SCS-CN method, and application to distributed watershed modeling; an analytical derivation of the SCS-CN method focusing on the Mockus and other methods; a determination of 'S' using the volumetric concept encompassing an analytical derivation, verification of the existing AMC criteria, determination of S, use of NEH-4 tables and advantages and limitations of the modified model; the determination of 'S' using physical principles, involving Fokker-Planck equation of infiltration, description of S, S/P relations for the modified model and determination of Ds from universal soil loss equation; simulation of infiltration and runoff hydrographs, with particular emphasis on SCS-CN-based infiltration and runoff models and application of infiltration and runoff models; long-term hydrologic simulation and hydrologic models of Williams and LaSeur, Hawkins, Pandit and Gopalkrishnan, and Mishra and others; rainfall-excess computation, soil moisture budgeting, catchment routing, and baseflow computation; transport of pollutants in urban watersheds; and sediment yield.Audience: This volume will be of interest to agricultural scientists, agricultural and civil engineers, environmental engineers, forest and range scientists, as well as watershed managers. It will also be useful to college students and faculty members engaged in environment and water related studies.

Author Biography

Surendra Kumar Mishra: Hydrologic Design Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttaranchal, India Vijay P. Singh: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiii
List of Symbolsp. xv
Introductionp. 1
Rainfall-Runoff Modelingp. 1
Catchment Characteristicsp. 2
Catchment Length, Width, and Slopep. 2
Catchment Areap. 3
Catchment Shapep. 3
Catchment Reliefp. 3
Linear Measuresp. 3
Drainage Patternsp. 4
Precipitationp. 4
Quantitative Description of Rainfallp. 4
Temporal and Spatial Variation of Rainfallp. 5
Average Rainfall over an Areap. 6
Rainfall Storm Analysisp. 8
Interceptionp. 31
Surface Detention and Depression Storagep. 32
Evaporationp. 33
Water Budget Methodp. 33
Mass Transfer Methodp. 34
Energy Budget Methodp. 36
Combination Methodp. 37
Pan Evaporationp. 39
Evapotranspirationp. 40
Infiltrationp. 44
Mechanism of Water Retention by Soilp. 45
Retention Curvesp. 46
Darcy's Lawp. 47
Transport of Soil Moisturep. 47
Measurement of Infiltrationp. 50
Conceptual Infiltration Modelsp. 51
Infiltration Indicesp. 56
Runoffp. 58
Modes of Runoff Generationp. 58
Runoff Concentrationp. 60
Time of Concentrationp. 61
Lag Timep. 63
Flow in Stream Channelsp. 65
Rating Curvep. 65
Antecedent Moisturep. 66
Determination of Runoff Hydrographp. 67
Unit Hydrograph (UH)p. 67
Channel and Reservoir Routingp. 71
Scope of the SCS-CN Concept in Hydrologyp. 79
Computation of Infiltration and DSRO Volumesp. 79
Computation of Infiltration Ratesp. 79
Time-Distributed Event-Based Hydrologic Simulationp. 80
Long-Term Hydrologic Simulationp. 82
Transport of Urban Pollutantsp. 82
Sediment Yieldp. 83
Organization of the Bookp. 83
SCS-CN Methodp. 84
Historical Backgroundp. 84
Experimental Watersheds and Infiltration Studiesp. 84
Development of Rainfall-Runoff Methodsp. 85
SCS-CN Methodp. 85
Factors Affecting CNp. 88
Soil Typep. 89
Land Usep. 93
Hydrologic Conditionp. 99
Agricultural Management Practicesp. 100
Antecedent Moisture Conditionp. 101
Initial Abstraction and Climatep. 104
Rainfall Intensity and Duration and Turbidityp. 105
Determination of Curve Numberp. 105
Development of CN for Complexesp. 108
Rationale of Curve Numberp. 108
Use of NEH-4 Tables for SCS-CN Applicationp. 108
Sensitivity Analysisp. 114
First-Order Sensitivity Analysisp. 115
Conventional Analysisp. 118
Advantages and Limitations of the SCS-CN Methodp. 129
SCS-CN Application to Distributed Watershed Modelingp. 130
Availability of Datap. 130
Moglen Methodp. 131
Advantages and Limitations of the Moglen Methodp. 136
Modified Moglen Methodp. 136
Features of the Modified Moglen Methodp. 143
Advantages and Limitations of the Modified Moglen Methodp. 145
Analytical Derivation of the SCS-CN Methodp. 147
Early Rainfall-Runoff Methodsp. 147
Analytical Derivation of the Mockus and Other Methodsp. 149
Derivation of Mockus Methodp. 149
Derivation of Zoch Modelp. 151
Derivation of Depression and Interception Storage Modelsp. 152
Generalization of the SCS-CN Methodp. 153
Generalization of the Mockus Methodp. 153
Statistical Derivation of the SCS-CN Methodp. 154
SCS-CN Derivation From the First-Order Hypothesisp. 159
Derivation of SCS-CN Proportional Equalityp. 160
Non-Linear Derivation of SCS-CN Methodp. 161
SCS-CN Derivation Including Initial Abstractionp. 163
Development of an Initial Abstraction Modelp. 165
Implication of Generalization of the Mockus Methodp. 167
Modification of the SCS-CN Methodp. 167
General Form of SCS-CN Modelp. 167
Characteristics of the SCS-CN and Mockus Methodsp. 168
Mockus Methodp. 168
SCS-CN Methodp. 169
Numerical Comparison of Methodsp. 170
Models Performance on Field Datap. 173
Functional Behaviour of the Existing and Modified SCS-CN Methodsp. 179
Existing SCS-CN Methodp. 179
Modified SCS-CN Methodp. 184
Significance of the Proportional Equalityp. 186
Soil Porosityp. 187
Proportional Equalityp. 187
Significance of CNp. 188
Another Interpretation of S-CN Mapping Relationp. 190
Antecedent Moisture Conditionsp. 191
Variation of CN With AMCp. 194
CN Derivation From Rainfall-Runoff Datap. 196
SCS-CN Concept as an Alternative to Power Lawp. 200
Determination of 'S' Using Volumetric Conceptp. 205
Analytical Derivationp. 205
Equivalence Between SCS-CN Proportionality and C= S[subscript r] Conceptsp. 206
Effect of Antecedent Moisture Conditionp. 207
Effect of Initial Abstractionp. 209
Effect of F[subscript c]p. 215
Effect of Storm Duration, Rainfall Intensity, and Turbidityp. 221
Effect of Agricultural Management Practicesp. 224
Verification of Existing AMC Criteriap. 225
Determination of Sp. 226
Homogeneous Gauged Watershedsp. 226
Heterogeneous Gauged Watershedsp. 227
Ungauged Watershedsp. 228
Use of NEH-4 Tablesp. 229
Workability of Model 4p. 229
Inverse Computation of F[subscript c] From NEH-4 CN-Valuesp. 232
Verification of AMCCriteria For F[subscript c]-Valuesp. 235
Applicability of NEH-4 Tables to Existing and General Modelsp. 235
Condensation of NEH-4 Tablep. 239
Advantages and Limitations of the Modified Modelp. 243
Determination of 'S' Using Physical Principlesp. 244
Fokker-Planck Equation Of Infiltrationp. 245
Description of Sp. 251
Use of S[subscript s] And K[subscript h]p. 251
Use of K[subscript h]-[theta] And [psi]-[theta] Relationsp. 252
Use of Intrinsic Sorptivityp. 262
Vertical Infiltrationp. 263
Kinematic Wavep. 265
S/P Relations for the Modified Modelp. 265
Effect of F[subscript c] On S[subscript i]p. 267
Effect of M On S[subscript i]p. 268
Effect of [lambda] On S[subscript i]p. 273
Effect of P On S[subscript i]p. 274
Determination of D[subscript s] From Universal Soil Loss Equationp. 274
Infiltration and Runoff Hydrograph Simulationp. 278
SCS-CN-Based Infiltration and Runoff Modelsp. 278
Application Of Infiltration and Runoff Modelsp. 282
Infiltration Datap. 282
Ars Watershedsp. 282
Error Criteria for Simulationp. 283
Model Application to Infiltration Datap. 284
Model Application to Rainfall-Runoff Datap. 291
Long-Term Hydrologic Simulationp. 323
SCS-CN-Based Hydrologic Modelsp. 324
Williams-Laseur Modelp. 324
Hawkins Modelp. 329
Pandit and Gopalakrishnan Modelp. 333
Mishra et al. Modelp. 334
Simulation Using the Modified SCS-CN Modelp. 336
Rainfall-Excess Computationp. 336
Soil Moisture Budgetingp. 336
Computation of Evapotranspirationp. 337
Catchment Routingp. 338
Baseflow Computationp. 338
Application of the Modified SCS-CN Modelp. 346
Parameter Estimationp. 346
Model Calibration and Validationp. 347
Volumetric Statisticp. 348
Effect of Storm Duration on Model Parametersp. 353
Sensitivity Analysisp. 354
Application of the Variations of the Modified SCS-CN Modelp. 356
Transport of Urban Pollutantsp. 360
Heavy Metalsp. 361
Metal Partitioningp. 362
Metal Transportp. 364
Rating Curves In Open Channel Hydraulicsp. 364
Governing Flow and Metal Transport Equations of Equivalent Mass Depth of Flowp. 367
Relation Between Concentration and Equivalent Mass Depthp. 368
SCS-CN Analogy for Metal Partitioningp. 369
Application of Wave Analogyp. 374
Experimental Watershedp. 374
Development of Looped Mass Rating Curvesp. 374
Process of Mixing of Metals With Rainfallp. 379
Development of Normal Mass Rating Curvesp. 381
Wave Analysisp. 389
Determination of Potential Mass Depth of Flowp. 395
Limitations of Wave Analogyp. 396
Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Rainfall-Runoff Environmentp. 400
Derivation of K[subscript d] And PCNp. 400
Relations Between [psi] and Chemical Characteristics of Rainfallp. 405
Relation Between I[subscript f] and [psi]p. 406
Relation Between ADP and [psi]p. 407
Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Snowmelt Environmentp. 408
Snowmelt Water Quality Datap. 408
Metal Partitioning in Snowmelt Mediump. 413
Relation of PCN And K[subscript d] With the Medium Characteristicsp. 414
PCN- and K[subscript d]-Based Ranking Of Metalsp. 418
Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Riverflow Environmentp. 418
Don River Flow and Water Quality Datap. 418
Metal Partitioning in River Flow Systemp. 419
Relation Between Partitioning Parameters and Medium Characteristicsp. 422
P/CN-Based Characterization of Mediap. 423
Determination of Annual Pollutant Loadsp. 424
NPDES Permitp. 424
Dry- and Wet-Weather Conditionsp. 425
Methodology for Estimation of Annual Loadsp. 425
Application Resultsp. 428
Summaryp. 434
Sediment Yieldp. 436
Computation of Sediment Yieldp. 437
Analytical Derivationp. 439
Coupling of SCS-CN Method With USLEp. 440
Applicationp. 446
Study Areasp. 446
Discussion of Resultsp. 447
SCS-CN Theory for S Including I[subscript a]p. 457
Marquardt Algorithmp. 463
Analytical Derivation For Wave Characteristicsp. 468
Universal Soil Loss Equationp. 479
Referencesp. 481
Author Indexp. 500
Subject Indexp. 505
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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