Algae: An Introduction to Phycology,9780521316873

Algae: An Introduction to Phycology

by
ISBN13: 9780521316873
ISBN10: 0521316871
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1996-03-29
Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press
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Summary

Algae are ubiquitous. A multitude of species, ranging from microscopic unicells to gigantic kelps, inhabit the world's oceans, freshwater bodies, soils, rocks and trees. To understand the basic role of algae in the global ecosystem, a reliable and modern introduction to their kaleidoscopic diversity, systematics and phylogeny is indispensible. This volume provides such an introduction. The text represents a completely revised and updated edition of a highly acclaimed German textbook which was heralded for its clarity as well as its breadth and depth of information. This new edition takes into account recent re-evaluations in algal systematics and phylogeny which have been made necessary by insights provided by the powerful techniques of molecular genetics and electron microscopy, as well as more traditional life history studies.

Table of Contents

Foreword xiii
1 Introduction
1(15)
The daisy; the hierarchy of systematic categories; the concept of relationships in systematics
1(1)
Evolution and phylogeny: the symbiosis theory
2(3)
Evolution and phylogeny: the fan-shaped phylogenetic tree
5(3)
The importance of phylogenetic (evolutionary) theories in systematics
8(1)
What are algae and what is their place in the system?
9(6)
The main groups of algae and their characteristics
15(1)
2 Cyanophyta (= Cyanobacteria)
16(26)
The principal characteristics of the Cyanophyta
18(2)
Size and distribution of the division
20(4)
Structure and characteristics of the Cyanophyta
24(8)
The systematics of the Cyanophyta
32(2)
Reflections on the phylogeny of the Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)
34(8)
3 Prochlorophyta
42(3)
The principal characteristics of the Prochlorophyta
42(3)
4 Glaucophyta
45(3)
The principal characteristics of the Glaucophyta
45(1)
General remarks
46(1)
Two examples
47(1)
5 Rhodophyta (red algae)
48(54)
The principal characteristics of the Rhodophyta
48(1)
Size and distribution of the division
48(1)
Structure and properties of red algae
49(13)
Subdivision of the Rhodophyta into classes and orders
62(1)
Rhodophyta: Class 1. Bangiophyceae
62(8)
Rhodophyta: Class 2. Florideophyceae
70(25)
Phylogenetic reflections on the Rhodophyta
95(7)
6 Heterokontophyta: Classes (1) Chrysophyceae, (2) Parmophyceae, and (3) Sarcinochrysidophyceae
102(21)
The principal features of the Heterokontophyta
102(1)
The principal characteristics of the Chrysophyceae
103(1)
Size and distribution of the class
104(1)
Ochromonas: a typical member of the Chrysophyceae
105(10)
Sexual reproduction in the Chrysophyceae
115(1)
Nutrition
116(1)
The various levels of organization present in the Chrysophyceae
117(2)
The subdivision of the Chrysophyceae into orders
119(2)
Some marine relatives of the Chrysophyceae: the genus Pelagococcus and the orders Parmales (class Parmophyceae) and Sarcinochrysidales (class Sarcinochrysidophyceae)
121(2)
7 Heterokontophyta: Class Xanthophyceae
123(7)
The principal characteristics of the Xanthophyceae
123(1)
Size and distribution of the class
124(1)
The zoospore of Tribonema: a typical flagellate xanthophycean cell
124(2)
Reproduction
126(1)
The various levels of organization in the Xanthophyceae
126(4)
The subdivision of the Xanthophyceae into orders
130(1)
8 Heterokontophyta: Class Eustigmatophyceae
130(3)
The principal characteristics of the Eustigmatophyceae
130(1)
Some examples of Eustigmatophyceae
131(2)
9 Heterokontophyta: Class Bacillariophyceae (= Diatomophyceae; the diatoms)
133(27)
The principal characteristics of the Bacillariophyceae
133(1)
Size and distribution of the class
134(3)
The characteristics of diatoms
137(11)
Classification within the Bacillariophyceae
148(1)
Order Pennales: the life cycle of Eunotia arcus and examples
148(4)
Order Centrales: the life cycle of Stephanopyxis turris and examples
152(8)
10 Heterokontophyta: Class Raphidophyceae
160(3)
The principal characteristics of the Raphidophyceae
160(1)
Size and distribution of the class
161(1)
Some examples of Raphidophyceae
162(1)
11 Heterokontophyta: Class Dictyochophyceae
163(2)
The principal characteristics of the Dictyochophyceae
163(2)
12 Heterokontophyta: Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
165(45)
The principal characteristics of the Phaeophyceae
165(1)
Size and distribution of the class
166(1)
Features of the brown algae
167(8)
The subdivision of the class Phaeophyceae
175(35)
13 Reflections on the phylogeny of the Heterokontophyta
210(9)
Heterotrophic Heterokontophyta
210(1)
The origin of the heterokontophyte chloroplast as a eukaryotic endosymbiont
211(1)
Evidence from macromolecules for the phylogenetic coherence (`naturalness') of the Heterokontophyta
211(1)
The fossil record
212(1)
A speculative phylogenetic tree of the Heterokontophyta, based on comparative morphology
213(1)
Speculations about the phylogeny of the Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
213(6)
14 Haptophyta (= Prymnesiophyta)
219(16)
The principal characteristics of the Haptophyta
219(4)
General observations
223(3)
Size and distribution of the division
226(4)
Some examples of Haptophyta
230(4)
The subdivision of the Haptophyceae into orders
234(1)
15 Cryptophyta
235(9)
The principal characteristics of the Cryptophyta
235(5)
General observations
240(1)
Size and distribution of the class
241(3)
16 Dinophyta
244(43)
The principal characteristics of the Dinophyta
244(2)
Size and distribution of the division
246(1)
General features of the Dinophyta
247(29)
Levels of organization in the Dinophyta
276(1)
Subdivision of the class Dinophyceae
277(4)
Phylogeny
281(6)
17 Euglenophyta
287(10)
The principal characteristics of the Euglenophyta
287(2)
Size and distribution of the division
289(1)
Euglena: the `archetype' of the Euglenophyta
290(5)
Astasia: a colourless member of the Euglenophyta
295(1)
The subdivision of the Euglenophyceae into orders
295(2)
18 Chlorarachniophyta
297(3)
The principal characteristics of the Chlorarachniophyta
297(3)
19 Chlorophyta (green algae)
300(42)
The principal characteristics of the Chlorophyta
300(1)
Size and distribution of the division
301(1)
The structure and characteristics of the Chlorophyta: their use for the separation of classes
302(1)
Types of flagellate cell architecture in the Chlorophyta I. The cruciate 1 o'clock - 7 o'clock type: Chlamydomonas, a free-living unicellular flagellate chlorophyte
302(11)
Types of flagellate cell architecture in the Chlorophyta II. The cruciate prasinophycean type: Pyramimonas, another free-living unicellular flagellate
313(7)
Types of flagellate cell architecture in the Chlorophyta III. The cruciate 11 o'clock - 5 o'clock type: the biflagellate gamete of the multicellular chlorophyte Acrosiphonia
320(1)
Types of flagellate cell architecture in the Chlorophyta IV. The unilateral type: the biflagellate zoospore of the unicellular chlorophyte Chaetosphaeridium
321(2)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta I. Pyramimonas, a unicellular flagellate: open mitosis with a persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected by a cleavage furrow
323(2)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta II. Chlamydomonas, another unicellular flagellate: closed mitosis with a non-persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected by a cleavage furrow operating within a phycoplast
325(2)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta III. Cylindrocapsa, an example of the order Chlorococcales: closed mitosis with a non-persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected by a cell plate of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) vesicles within a phycoplast
327(1)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta IV. Uronema, an example of the order Chaetophorales: closed mitosis with a non-persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected by a cell plate of golgi-derived vesicles within a phycoplast
328(2)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta V. Ulothrix, an example of the class Ulvophyceae with uninucleate cells: closed mitosis with a persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected by a cleavage furrow, to which golgi-derived vesicles are added
330(2)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta VI. Valonia, an example of the class Cladophorophyceae with multinucleate cells: closed mitosis with a prominent persistent telophase spindle, which gives the telophase nucleus a characteristic dumbbell shape; mitosis not immediately followed by cytokinesis
332(1)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta VII. Klebsormidium, an example of the class Klebsormidiophyceae (order Klebsormidiales): open mitosis with a prominent persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected by a cleavage furrow
333(1)
Types of mitosis and cytokinesis in the Chlorophyta VIII. Coleochaete, a second example of the class Klebsormidiophyceae (order Coleochaetales): open mitosis with a prominent persistent telophase spindle; cytokinesis effected through the formation of a cell plate of golgi vesicles in a phragmoplast
334(1)
Levels of organization of the chlorophyte thallus
334(3)
Pigments and chloroplasts
337(1)
Storage products
338(1)
Cell wall structure
338(1)
Types of life history in green algae
339(1)
Subdivision of the Chlorophyta into classes and orders
340(1)
Note added in proof
340(2)
20 Chlorophyta: Class 1. Prasinophyceae
342(7)
The principal characteristics of the Prasinophyceae
342(1)
Size and distribution of the class
343(1)
Examples of Prasinophyceae
344(4)
The subdivision of the Prasinophyceae into orders
348(1)
21 Chlorophyta: Class 2. Chlorophyceae
349(42)
The principal characteristics of the Chlorophyceae
349(1)
Size and distribution of the class
350(1)
Order Volvocales
350(10)
Order Chlorococcales
360(18)
Order Chaetophorales sensu stricto
378(4)
Order Oedogoniales
382(9)
22 Chlorophyta: Class 3. Ulvophyceae
391(17)
The principal characteristics of the Ulvophyceae
391(1)
Size and distribution of the class
392(1)
Order Codiolales
392(10)
Order Ulvales
402(6)
23 Chlorophyta: Class 4. Cladophorophyceae
408(11)
The principal characteristics of the Cladophorophyceae
408(5)
Examples of the class Cladophorophyceae
413(6)
24 Chlorophyta: Class 5. Bryopsidophyceae
419(17)
The principal characteristics of the Bryopsidophyceae
419(7)
Order Bryopsidales
426(5)
Order Halimedales
431(5)
25 Chlorophyta: Class 6. Dasycladophyceae
436(9)
The principal characteristics of the Dasycladophyceae
436(3)
Examples of the order Dasycladales
439(6)
26 Chlorophyta: Class 7. Trentepohliophyceae
445(3)
The principal characteristics of the Trentepohliophyceae
445(3)
27 Chlorophyta: Class 8. Pleurastrophyceae, and the order Prasiolales (Appendix to the classes with an 11 o'clock - 5 o'clock configuration of the basal bodies)
448(7)
Class 8. Pleurastrophyceae: one order (Pleurastrales)
449(3)
Order Prasiolales (classification of this group at the class level is as yet impossible)
452(3)
28 Chlorophyta: Class 9. Klebsormidiophyceae
455(6)
The principal characteristics of the Klebsormidiophyceae
455(2)
Order Klebsormidiales
457(3)
Order Coleochaetales
460(1)
29 Chlorophyta: Class 10. Zygnematophyceae
461(13)
The principal characteristics of the Zygnematophyceae
461(2)
Size and distribution of the class
463(1)
Order Zygnematales
463(5)
Order Desmidiales
468(6)
30 Chlorophyta: Class 11. Charophyceae
474(9)
The principal characteristics of the Charophyceae
474(2)
Size and distribution of the class
476(1)
Five examples of the order Charales
477(6)
31 Reflections on the phylogeny of the Chlorophyta
483(13)
Traditional classifications of the Chlorophyta
483(1)
A new classification of the Chlorophyta
483(6)
Fossil evidence
489(1)
Macromolecular evidence
489(2)
Chloroplast genomes in green plants
491(2)
Single copy DNA-DNA hybridization
493(1)
Conclusions
494(2)
32 Phylogenetic reflections on the algae
496(17)
The fossil record
496(1)
An 18S rRNA phylogenetic tree
497(2)
A 28S rRNA phylogenetic tree
499(4)
The endosymbiont hypothesis
503(1)
The origin of chloroplasts: monophyletic or polyphyletic?
504(2)
Synthesis: an integrated phylogenetic tree for eukaryotes and chloroplasts
506(7)
Glossary 513(19)
References 532(77)
Species index 609(5)
General index 614(10)
Addendum 624

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