The English Language A Linguistic History,9780195422054

The English Language A Linguistic History

by ;
ISBN13: 9780195422054
ISBN10: 0195422058
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-02-09
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

"Rooted in formal linguistics and designed for students with no background in languages or linguistics this text is ideal for full- and half-year courses in the history of the English language."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

List of Tables, Figures, and Sample Texts xiii
Preface xvii
1 Studying the History of English
1(27)
Overview
1(1)
Objectives
1(1)
Why Study the History of English?
2(2)
A Definition of Language
4(1)
The Components of Language
5(4)
Linguistic Change in English
9(6)
The Periods of English
9(4)
An Example of Linguistic Change
13(2)
The Nature of Linguistic Change
15(3)
The Inevitability of Change
15(2)
The Arbitrary Nature of the Linguistic Sign
17(1)
The Origin of Language
18(2)
Attitudes Toward Linguistic Change
20(2)
Linguistic Corruption
20(1)
Prescriptivism versus Descriptivism
21(1)
Resources for Studying the History of English
22(4)
General Dictionaries
22(1)
Historical and Etymological Dictionaries
23(1)
Historical Grammar and Syntax
23(1)
Concordances and Historical Corpora
24(2)
Recommended Web Links
26(1)
Further Reading
26(1)
Further Viewing
27(1)
2 The Sounds and Writing of English
28(27)
Overview
28(1)
Objectives
28(1)
The Sounds of English
29(19)
The Phonetic Alphabet
29(1)
The Phoneme
29(1)
The Production of Speech
30(1)
Consonants
31(2)
The Consonant Sounds of English
33(6)
Vowels
39(2)
The Vowels of English
41(5)
Stress
46(2)
The Writing of English
48(5)
The History of Writing
48(2)
The Origin of the Alphabet
50(3)
Recommended Web Links
53(1)
Further Reading
53(2)
3 Causes and Mechanisms of Language Change
55(34)
Overview
55(1)
Objectives
56(1)
Causes of Change
56(8)
Internal
56(2)
External
58(6)
Mechanisms of Phonological Change
64(6)
Determining Sounds from Written Records
64(1)
The Nature of Sound Change
64(1)
Types of Sound Change
65(5)
Mechanisms of Morphological and Syntactic Change
70(6)
Analogy
70(3)
Grammaticalization
73(1)
Conservative and Innovative Changes
74(2)
Mechanisms of Semantic Change
76(11)
Types of Semantic Change
77(9)
Some Generalizations About Semantic Change
86(1)
Recommended Web Links
87(1)
Further Reading
88(1)
4 The Indo-European Language Family and Proto-Indo-European
89(32)
Overview
89(1)
Objectives
89(1)
Classification of Languages
90(4)
Typological Classification
90(3)
Genealogical Classification
93(1)
Language Families
94(1)
The Indo-European Language Family
94(10)
The Discovery of Indo-European
95(1)
The Branches of Indo-European
96(1)
Satem Languages
97(4)
Centum Languages
101(3)
Proto-Language
104(1)
Reconstruction
104(5)
Proto-Indo-European
109(9)
Linguistic Features
109(6)
Society
115(1)
Homeland
116(2)
Nostratic Theory
118(1)
Recommended Web Links
119(1)
Further Reading
119(1)
Further Viewing
120(1)
5 Germanic and the Development of Old English
121(32)
Overview
121(1)
Objectives
121(1)
Proto-Germanic
122(4)
Grammatical and Lexical Changes from PIE to Germanic
126(4)
Phonological Changes from PIE to Germanic
130(13)
Grimm's Law
130(6)
Verner's Law
136(2)
Accent Shift and Ordering of Changes
138(1)
Vowel Changes
139(2)
Second Sound Shift and Mechanisms of Change
141(2)
A Brief History of Anglo-Saxon England
143(5)
The Germanic Settlement of England
144(2)
The Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons
146(1)
The Scandinavian Invasions of England
147(1)
The Records of the Anglo-Saxons
148(3)
The Dialects of Old English
148(2)
The Written Records of Old English
150(1)
Recommended Web Links
151(1)
Further Reading
152(1)
6 The Sounds and Words of Old English
153(29)
Overview
153(1)
Objectives
153(1)
The Orthographic System of Old English
154(1)
The Phonological System of Old English
154(11)
Consonants
154(5)
Vowels
159(3)
Sound Changes
162(3)
The Word Stock of the Anglo-Saxons
165(11)
The Continuity of Germanic Vocabulary in English
165(1)
Borrowing in Old English
166(6)
Word Formation in Old English
172(4)
Stress
176(3)
Recommended Web Links
179(1)
Further Reading
180(2)
7 The Grammar of Old English
182(47)
Overview
182(1)
Objectives
182(1)
The Nominal System
183(23)
The Grammatical Categories of the Noun
183(1)
Pronouns
184(3)
Nouns
187(6)
Demonstratives, Adjectives, and Adverbs
193(7)
Agreement
200(1)
Case Usage
201(5)
The Verbal System
206(9)
Verb Classes
207(3)
The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
210(1)
Inflectional Endings of the Verb
211(4)
Syntax
215(12)
Verbal Periphrases
215(3)
Word Order
218(9)
Recommended Web Links
227(1)
Further Reading
227(1)
Further Viewing
228(1)
8 The Rise of Middle English: Words and Sounds
229(36)
Overview
229(1)
Objectives
229(1)
French and English in Medieval England
230(6)
The Norman Conquest
230(2)
The Establishment of French
232(2)
The Re-establishment of English
234(2)
The Word Stock of Middle English
236(6)
French Influence
236(3)
Latin Influence
239(3)
The Written Records of Middle English
242(5)
Middle English Dialects
242(5)
Middle English Literature
247(1)
Orthographic Changes
247(4)
Consonant Changes
251(3)
Vowel Changes
254(8)
Qualitative Changes
254(2)
Quantitative Changes
256(6)
Recommended Web Links
262(1)
Further Reading
263(2)
9 The Grammar of Middle English and Rise of a Written Standard
265(42)
Overview
265(1)
Objectives
265(1)
Vowel Reduction and Its Effects
266(3)
Grammatical Developments in Middle English
269(26)
Adjectives and Nouns
269(5)
Pronouns
274(3)
Loss of Grammatical Gender
277(3)
Verbs
280(6)
Syntax
286(9)
Change from Synthetic to Analytic
295(2)
Middle English as a Creole?
297(2)
The Rise of a Standard Dialect
299(6)
Recommended Web Links
305(1)
Further Reading
305(2)
10 The Sounds and Inflections of Early Modern English 307(38)
Overview
307(1)
Objectives
307(1)
The Great Vowel Shift
308(7)
Nature of the Shift
308(1)
Details of the Shift
309(6)
Changes in the Short Vowels and Diphthongs
315(4)
Changes in Consonants
319(4)
Renaissance Respellings
323(2)
Changes in Nominal Inflected Forms
325(9)
Nouns
325(2)
Pronouns
327(7)
Case Usage
334(3)
Changes in Verbal Inflected Forms
337(6)
Verb Classes
337(3)
Inflectional Endings
340(3)
Recommended Web Links
343(1)
Further Reading
344(1)
11 Early Modern English Verbal Constructions and Eighteenth-Century Prescriptivism 345(36)
Overview
345(1)
Objectives
345(1)
Early Modern English Syntax
346(11)
Reflexive and Impersonal Verbs
346(2)
The Subjunctive and the Modal Auxiliaries
348(1)
Verbal Periphrases
349(3)
Do
352(2)
Word Order
354(3)
The Rise of Prescriptivism
357(4)
Renaissance Concerns About the Language
357(1)
Social, Linguistic, and Philosophical Reasons for Prescriptivism
358(1)
Important Prescriptive Grammarians of the Eighteenth Century
359(2)
Aims of the Eighteenth-Century Grammarians
361(3)
Ascertainment
361(1)
An Academy
362(2)
Methods of the Eighteenth-Century Grammarians
364(8)
Authority
365(1)
Model of Latin
366(1)
Etymology
367(1)
Reason
368(4)
The Question of Usage
372(3)
Dictionaries
375(4)
Recommended Web Links
379(18)
Further Reading
397
Further Viewing
380(1)
12 Modern English 381(66)
Overview
381(1)
Objectives
381(1)
Grammatical and Lexical Changes Since Early Modern English
382(10)
Grammatical Changes
382(4)
Modern Borrowings
386(3)
The Oxford English Dictionary
389(3)
The Development of National Varieties
392(23)
British versus North American English
395(7)
Canadian English
402(5)
Australian and New Zealand English
407(3)
African English
410(3)
Caribbean English
413(2)
Important Regional Varieties
415(21)
English in the British Isles
415(8)
English in the United States
423(13)
Changes in Progress
436(2)
Neologisms
436(2)
Grammatical Changes
438(5)
Recommended Web Links
443(1)
Further Reading
444(2)
Further Viewing
446(1)
Exercise Key 447(42)
Glossary of Linguistic Terms 489(18)
References 507(10)
Index 517

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