Health Program Planning and Evaluation,9780763748005

Health Program Planning and Evaluation

by
ISBN13: 9780763748005
ISBN10: 0763748005
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2004-02-01
Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett
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Summary

NEW EDITION AVAILABLE IN DECEMBER! Todayrs"s challenging health care conditions require the development of increasingly sophisticated health programs in order to compete for funding and support. The influencing forces of federal legislation, rigid public health goals, An emphasis on outcomes of health care and evidence-based practice, and use of total quality management and improvement tools have brought about new standards for program development. Health Program Planning and Evaluation: A Practical, Systematic Approach for Community Health will help you to systematically develop, thoughtfully implement, and rigorously evaluate health programs across a variety of health disciplines. In doing so, it also serves to help students and professionals become savvy consumers of evaluation reports and prudent users of evaluation consultants. it presents the practical tools and concepts in language suitable for both the practicing and novice health program planner and evaluator. Distinguishing itself from other program planning and evaluation texts through its use of the public health pyramid, consistent use of a program logic model throughout the text, and role modeling evidence-based practice, this text will provide you with a firm foundation in addressing the needs of the population through health program planning and evaluation.

Author Biography

L. Michele Issel, PhD, RN: Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xix
Section 1: The Context of Health Program Development and Evaluation 1(112)
Chapter 1 Health Program Development and Evaluation
3(34)
History and Context
4(5)
Concept of Health
4(1)
History of Health Program Planning
5(1)
History of Health Program Evaluation
6(3)
Evaluation as a Profession
9(2)
Planning and Evaluation Cycle
11(5)
Interdependent and Cyclic
11(2)
When Not to Evaluate
13(1)
Use as the Cyclical Link
14(2)
Program Life Cycle
16(2)
Types of Evaluation
18(2)
The Public Health Pyramid
20(5)
Use of the Pyramid in Program Planning and Evaluation
22(1)
The Pyramid as a Ecological Model
23(2)
Community
25(4)
Delineating Community
25(2)
Community in Planning and Evaluation
27(2)
Defining "Based," "Focused," and "Driven"
29(1)
Who Does Planning and Evaluations?
29(2)
Roles of Evaluators
31(1)
Across the Pyramid
31(3)
Discussion Questions
34(3)
Chapter 2 Relevance of Diversity and Disparities to Health Programs
37(36)
Health Disparities
39(3)
Diversity and Health Disparities
40(2)
Diversity and Health Programs
42(12)
Measurement
42(5)
Interventions
47(4)
Influences of Sociocultural Diversity on Interventions
48(1)
Influences of Biological Diversity on Interventions
49(1)
Approaches to Developing Programs
50(1)
Profession and Provider Diversity
51(3)
Health Provider Sectors
51(3)
Diversity Within Health Care Organizations and Programs
54(1)
Organizational Culture
54(11)
Cultural Competency Continuum
55(4)
Enhancing Cultural Competence
59(3)
Stakeholders and Coalitions
62(3)
Across the Pyramid
65(2)
Discussion Questions
67(6)
Chapter 3 Planning for Health Programs and Services
73(40)
Definitions of Planning
74(1)
Historical Background on Planning in Public Health
74(1)
PATCH
75(1)
APEXPH
76(1)
MAPP
76(1)
Summary
77(2)
Triggering the Cycle
77(2)
Planning Paradoxes, Assumptions, and Ethics
79(12)
Paradoxes
79(2)
Assumptions
81(3)
Ambiguity, Conflict, Risk, and Control
82(2)
Approaches to Planning
84(5)
Incremental Approach
84(2)
Apolitical Approach
86(1)
Advocacy Approach
86(1)
Communication Action Approach
87(1)
Comprehensive Rational Approach
88(1)
Strategic Planning Approach
89(1)
Summary of Approaches
90(1)
Planning Steps and Stages
91(15)
Formation Stage and Team Development
91(3)
Create a Vision
93(1)
Investigation Stage
94(6)
Focus on Interventions
94(1)
Determine Willingness and Preferences
95(1)
Years and Quality of Life
95(1)
Population Preferences
98(2)
Prioritization Stage
100(3)
Decision Stage
103(3)
Implementation and Continuation Stage
106(1)
Across the Pyramid
106(2)
Discussion Questions
108(5)
Section 2: Developing Health Programs 113(98)
Chapter 4 Community Health Assessment for Program Planning
115(36)
Types of Needs
115(1)
Perspectives on Assessment
116(4)
Epidemiological Model
118(1)
Public Health Model
118(1)
Social Model
118(1)
Asset Model
119(1)
Types of Assessments
120(2)
Organizational Assessment
120(1)
Marketing Assessment
121(1)
Needs Assessment
121(1)
Community Health Assessment
122(1)
Steps in Conducting the Assessment
122(23)
Involve Community Members
123(1)
Define the Population
124(1)
Define the Problem(s) to be Assessed
125(5)
Magnitude of the Problem
126(1)
Precursors of the Problem
127(3)
Population Characteristics
130(1)
Attitudes and Behaviors
130(1)
Collect Data: Approaches
130(3)
Collect Data: Methodological Issues
133(3)
Analyze Numeric Data
136(6)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
136(2)
Population Parameters
138(1)
Tests of Significance
139(1)
Associations
139(1)
Synthetic Estimates
140(1)
Geographic Information Systems: Mapping
141(1)
Small Numbers
141(1)
State the Need or Problem
142(3)
Across the Pyramid
145(2)
Discussion Questions
147(4)
Chapter 5 Program Theory and Interventions Revealed
151(28)
Program Theory
152(3)
Process Theory
152(2)
Effect Theory
154(1)
Interventions
155(8)
Finding and Identifying Interventions
155(1)
Types of Interventions
156(1)
Specifying Intervention Administration
157(2)
Interventions and Program Components
159(1)
Criteria for "Good" Interventions
160(3)
Impacts and Outcomes in Public Health
163(9)
Generating the Effect Theory
164(4)
Determinant Theory
164(1)
Intervention Theory
165(1)
Impact Theory
166(1)
Outcome Theory
167(1)
Involving Key Stakeholders
168(1)
Drawing upon the Scientific Literature
169(2)
Diagramming the Causal Chain of Events
171(1)
Checking Against Assumptions
172(1)
Functions of Program Theory
172(3)
Provides Guidance
173(1)
Enables Explanations
174(1)
Forms a Basis for Communication
175(1)
Provides a Scientific Contribution
175(1)
Across the Pyramid
175(2)
Discussion Questions
177(2)
Chapter 6 Program Objectives and Setting Targets
179(32)
Parameters of the Program
179(5)
Inclusion: Underinclusion and Overinclusion
180(2)
Scope: Full and Partial Coverage
182(2)
Program Goals and Objectives
184(7)
Foci of Objectives
185(2)
Process Objectives
185(1)
Effect Objectives: Impact and Outcome
186(1)
Objectives and Indicators
187(2)
Good Goals and Objectives
189(2)
Using Data to Set Target Values
191(17)
Decisional Framework for Setting Target Values
192(6)
Options for Calculating Target Values
198(16)
The Ten Options
198(10)
Across the Pyramid
208(1)
Discussion Questions
209(2)
Section 3: Implementing Health Programs 211(66)
Chapter 7 Logistics of Program Implementation
213(24)
Inputs to the Organizational Plan
214(7)
Human Resources
215(1)
Volunteers as Human Resources
216(1)
Physical Resources
217(1)
Transportation
218(1)
Informational Resources
218(1)
Time
219(1)
Managerial Resources
219(2)
Monetary Resources
221(1)
Outputs of the Organizational Plan
221(8)
Timeline
221(1)
Operations Manual
222(1)
Organizational Chart
222(1)
Information System
222(1)
Planning via Budgets
223(6)
Budgeting Terminology
224(1)
Break-Even Analysis
225(3)
Budget for Evaluation
228(1)
Budget Justification
229(1)
Inputs to the Service Utilization Plan
229(3)
Social Marketing
229(1)
Eligibility Screening
230(1)
Queuing
230(1)
Intervention Delivery
231(1)
Outputs of the Service Utilization Plan
232(1)
Across the Pyramid
233(1)
Discussion Questions
234(3)
Chapter 8 Process Evaluation: Measuring Inputs and Outputs
237(40)
Process Evaluation
238(3)
Purposes of a Process Evaluation
239(1)
The Three E's
240(1)
Data Collection Methods
241(3)
Monitoring Inputs to the Organizational Plan
244(5)
Human Resources
245(3)
Physical Resources
248(1)
Quantifying Outputs of the Organizational Plan
249(1)
Information Systems
249(1)
Monetary Resources: Budget Variance
250(1)
Monitoring Inputs to the Service Utilization Plan
250(4)
Participants and Recipients
252(2)
Intervention Delivery
254(3)
Nonprogram
254(1)
Nonrobust Intervention
254(1)
Unstandardized Intervention
255(2)
Quantifying Outputs of the Service Utilization Plan
257(9)
Measures of Coverage
257(7)
Units of Service
264(1)
Service Completion
264(1)
Workflow
265(1)
Materials Produced
266(1)
From Data to Action
266(5)
Process Objectives Revisited
266(1)
Process Evaluation Data as Information
267(1)
Action Focused on the Process Theory
268(1)
Accountability
269(2)
Across the Pyramid
271(2)
Discussion Questions
273(4)
Section 4: Evaluating the Impact and Outcome of Health Programs 277(134)
Chapter 9 Planning the Methods for Evaluating Intervention Effects
279(40)
Developing the Evaluation Questions
280(6)
Characteristics of the Right Question
281(1)
Impact Documentation, Impact Assessment, or Impact Evaluation
282(2)
Evaluation and Research
284(1)
Rigor in Evaluation
285(1)
Intervention Effect Evaluation Variables from the Program Effect Theory
286(5)
Impact and Outcome as Dependent Variables
286(3)
Determinants as Independent Variables
289(1)
Contributing and Antecedent Factors as Variables
290(1)
Measurement Considerations
291(5)
Units of Observation
291(1)
Types of Variables (Levels of Measurement)
292(1)
Timing
293(2)
Sensitivity of Measures
295(1)
Threats to Data Quality
296(2)
Missing Data
296(1)
Reliability Concerns
297(1)
Validity of Measures
298(1)
Data Sources (Methods)
298(12)
Surveys and Questionnaires
299(5)
Considerations for Constructing Questionnaires
299(3)
Survey Considerations
302(1)
Nonresponse
302(1)
Response Bias
304(1)
Secondary Data
304(5)
Physical Data
309(1)
Considerations During Planning
310(3)
Stakeholders
310(1)
Budget
311(1)
Ethics
311(1)
Evaluation Standards
312(1)
Across the Pyramid
313(2)
Discussion Questions
315(4)
Chapter 10 Choosing Designs for Impact Evaluation
319(38)
Choosing an Evaluation Design
320(23)
Considerations in Choosing a Design
321(3)
Intervention and Observational Designs
324(2)
Identifying Design Options
326(1)
Overview of the Decision Tree
327(2)
Designs for Impact Documentation
329(3)
One Group, Post-Test Only
330(1)
One Group, Pre-Test and Post-Test
330(1)
Comparison Groups, Post-Test Only
331(1)
Designs for Impact Assessment
332(8)
One Group, Time Series
333(2)
Multiple Groups, Time Series
335(1)
Two Groups, Retrospectively Constructed (Case Control)
335(2)
Two Groups, Prospective (Cohorts)
337(2)
Patched-Up Cycle
339(1)
Two Groups, Pre-Test and Post-Test
340(1)
Designs for Impact Evaluation Research
340(3)
Random Assignment
341(1)
Two Groups, Pre-Test and Post-Test with Random Assignment
342(1)
Sampling
343(8)
Sampling Realities
343(2)
Sample Construction
345(2)
Sampling for Impact Assessment
347(1)
Sampling for Impact Evaluation
347(2)
Sample Size
349(2)
Designs and Failures
351(2)
Across the Pyramid
353(1)
Discussion Questions
354(3)
Chapter 11 Analyzing and Interpreting Evaluation Data
357(30)
Data Entry and Management
357(4)
Outliers
359(1)
Linked Data
360(1)
Sample Description
361(1)
Thinking About Change
362(5)
Limits of Finding Change
363(3)
Clinical and Statistical Significance
366(1)
Across Levels of Analysis
367(1)
Statistical Answers to the Question
368(11)
Description
371(2)
Comparisons
373(1)
Association
374(2)
Prediction
376(3)
Interpretation
379(3)
Four Fallacies of Interpretation
380(2)
Ecological Fallacy
382(1)
Across the Pyramid
382(1)
Discussion Questions
383(4)
Chapter 12 Qualitative Methods for Planning and Evaluation
387(24)
Functions of Qualitative Methods
387(1)
Qualitative Methods
388(10)
Case Study
388(4)
Observation
392(2)
In-Depth Individual Interview
394(1)
Focus Group
395(2)
Survey with Open-Ended Questions
397(1)
Narrative Methods
397(1)
Scientific Rigor
398(2)
Sampling for Qualitative Methods
400(1)
Qualitative Analyses
400(6)
Overview of the Analysis Process
401(3)
Triangulation
404(1)
Software
404(1)
Issues to Consider
405(1)
Presentation of Findings
406(1)
Across the Pyramid
407(1)
Discussion Questions
408(3)
Section 5: From Data to Decision 411(56)
Chapter 13 Cost Analyses: The Basics
413(24)
Types of Economic Analyses
413(10)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
415(3)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
418(3)
Cost-Utility Analysis
421(2)
Basic Steps Involved in Conducting Economic Evaluations
423(1)
Define the Problem
423(9)
Stipulate Comparison Parameters
423(1)
Develop Decision Rules
424(1)
Choose an Accounting Perspective
424(2)
Monetize and Compute Program Costs
426(2)
Adjust for Time
428(1)
Identify and Measure Program Effects
429(1)
Monetize the Effects
429(1)
Conduct an Analysis
430(1)
Conduct a Sensitivity Analysis
430(1)
Disseminate the Findings
431(1)
Assessing Economic Evaluations
432(1)
Across the Pyramid
433(1)
Discussion Questions
434(3)
Chapter 14 Continuing the Cycle
437(30)
Data and Information
437(4)
Persuasion and Information
437(2)
Information and Sense Making
439(2)
Reports
441(8)
Performance Measures
443(1)
Making Recommendations
444(4)
Misuse of Evaluations
448(1)
Ethics
449(5)
Institutional Review Board Approval and Consents
449(1)
Ethics and Evaluation
450(3)
HIPAA and Evaluations
453(1)
Contextual Considerations
454(5)
Organization-Evaluator Relationship
454(3)
Evaluation and CQI/TQM
457(2)
Meta-Evaluation
459(1)
Quality of Evaluation
460(2)
Across the Pyramid
462(1)
Discussion Questions
463(4)
Index 467

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