Mouse Brain Development

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-05-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

With the enormous development of human and mouse genomics and the availability of a variety of transgenic techniques, the mouse has become the most widely used animal for basic studies of brain development and as a model for human developmental disorders. The topics are addressed using a diversity of techniques, from genetic, biochemical and cell biological to morphological and functional. The conceptual approaches also provide a framework for studies of other problems and point the way towards future research.

Table of Contents

From Spontaneous to Induced Neurological Mutations: A Personal Witness of the Ascent of the Mouse Model
1(20)
Pasko Rakic
Introduction
1(2)
Beginning: The Values and Limits of Spontaneous Mutations
3(6)
Renaissance: New Opportunities and Induced Mutations
9(5)
Epilogue
14(7)
References
15(6)
Mapping Genes that Modulate Mouse Brain Development: A Quantitative Genetic Approach
21(30)
Robert W. Williams
Introduction
21(1)
Why Brain Weight and Neuron Number Matter
22(2)
Metabolic Constraints
22(1)
Functional Correlates
22(1)
Insights into CNS Development
23(1)
Biometric Analysis of the Size and Structure of the Mouse CNS
24(3)
Precedents
24(1)
A New Opportunity
24(1)
Brain Weight is Highly Variable
25(1)
Sex and Age Effects on Brain Weight
25(2)
Large Differences Between Substrains
27(1)
Mapping Brain Weight QTLs
27(12)
QTLs Versus Mendelian Loci
27(1)
Assessing Trait Variation
27(2)
Estimating Heritability
29(1)
Phenotyping and Genotyping Members of an Experimental Cross
30(1)
Phenotyping and Regression Analysis
31(2)
Genotyping
33(1)
The Statistics of Mapping QTLs
34(2)
Permutation Analysis
36(2)
Cloning QTLs
38(1)
Probability of Success
38(1)
Neuron and Glial Cell Numbers in Adult Mice
39(3)
The Mouse Brain Library at http://nervenet.org/mbl/mbl/html
40(1)
Numbers of Neurons and Glial Cells in the Brain of a Mouse
41(1)
Mapping QTLs that Modulate Neuron Number
42(2)
Mapping Cell-Specific QTLs
42(1)
The Nncl Locus
42(1)
Mechanisms of QTL Action
43(1)
Candidate Gene Analysis
43(1)
Conclusion
44(7)
References
44(7)
Genetic Interactions During Hindbrain Segmentation in the Mouse Embryo
51(40)
Paul A. Trainor
Miguel Manzanares
Robb Krumlauf
Introduction
51(4)
Generation of Diversity in the Developing Nervous System
51(2)
Segmental Organisation of the Hindbrain
53(2)
Patterns of Gene Expression During Hindbrain Development
55(6)
Hox Genes
55(3)
Upstream Regulators of Hox Genes
58(1)
Other Gene Families
59(2)
Genetic Control of Hindbrain Patterning
61(8)
Retinoic Acid Pathways
62(2)
Krox20 Targets
64(2)
Kreisler Targets
66(1)
Hox Gene Auto- and Cross-Regulation
67(2)
Mutational Analyses of Gene Function
69(7)
Segmentation Genes
69(3)
Segment Identity Genes
72(4)
Mechanisms of Hindbrain Segmentation
76(1)
Conclusions
77(14)
References
78(13)
Neurogenetic Compartments of the Mouse Diencephalon and some Characteristic Gene Expression Patterns
91(16)
Salvador Martinez
Luis Puelles
Introduction
91(3)
Origin and Definition of Diencephalon
94(2)
Diencephalic Segmentation
96(2)
Diencephalic Histogenetic Differentiation
98(1)
Alar Plate Domains at E12.5
99(8)
References
103(4)
Neuronogenesis and the Early Events of the Neocortical Histogenesis
107(38)
V. S. Caviness, Jr.
T. Takahashi
R. S. Nowakowski
Introduction
107(2)
The Neocortical Pseudostratified Ventricular Epithelium
109(2)
Cytologic and Architectonic Features of the PVE
109(2)
Neocortex as Outcome of Neuronogenesis in the PVE
111(4)
The Radial Dimension of the Neocortex
113(1)
The Tangential Dimensions of the Neocortex
114(1)
The Proliferative Process Within the Murine Neocortical PVE
115(10)
There are Two Stages of Proliferative Activity in the PVE (Fig. 2)
116(1)
Neuron Production Advances in an Orderly Sequence
116(1)
The Proliferative State of PVE Varies Across the Surface of the Neocortex
117(1)
The Cell Cycle in Histogenesis
117(1)
A General Quantitative Model of Neuron Production
118(3)
Parameters of the Model: Experiments in Mouse
121
The Number of Integer Cycles
119(2)
The Q and P Fractions
121(2)
Neuron Production Model
123(2)
Higher Order Neuronogenetic Control
125(6)
Number of Cell Cycles Regulated by Q
126(1)
Propagation of the Neuronogenetic Sequence Regulated by Tc
126(1)
Propagation of Cell Cycle Domains
127(1)
Initiation of Cycle at Origin
127(2)
Propagation of Cycle Domains
129(2)
The Proliferative Process and Histogenetic Specification
131(5)
Cell Number, Cell Class and Laminar Fate
131(3)
Regional Specification Within the PVE
134(2)
The PVE: A Conserved Histogenetic Specification
136(9)
References
138(7)
Programmed Cell Death in Mouse Brain Development
145(18)
Chia-Yi Kuan
Richard A. Flavell
Pasko Rakic
Introduction
145(1)
Conceptual Framework of Programmed Cell Death
145(2)
Mechanistic Framework of Programmed Cell Death
147(1)
Caspases-3 and -9 are Required for Developmental Apoptosis of Neurons
148(3)
The Bcl-2 Proteins Family Has Both Proapoptotic and Antiapoptotic Effects
151(3)
Apoptotic Defects in Founders and Postmitotic Neurons Have Distinct Consequences
154(2)
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases Regulate Brain Region-Specific Apoptosis
156(2)
Concluding Remarks
158(5)
References
160(3)
Neurotrophic Factors: Versatile Signals for Cell-Cell Communication in the Nervous System
163(26)
Carlos F. Ibanez
Introduction
163(1)
The Neurotrophic Hypothesis
164(3)
Neurotrophic Factors
167(1)
Beyond the Neurotrophic Hypothesis
168(3)
Revisiting the Neurotrophic Hypothesis with Molecular Genetics.
171(2)
Selective Neuronal Losses and Maturation Deficits Following Inactivation of Genes Encoding Neurotrophic Factors or Their Receptors
173(5)
Neurotrophic Factors Regulate Target Invasion
178(3)
BDNF as a Maturation Factor for the Cerebal Cortex
181(3)
Conclusions
184(5)
References
184(5)
Growth Factor Influences on the Production and Migration of Cortical Neurons
189(28)
Janice E. Brunstrom
Alan L. Pearlman
Introduction
189(1)
Trophic Factor Influences on Neurogenesis in the Ventricular Zone
190(6)
Neurotrophins
190(1)
Fibroblast Growth Factors
191(3)
Insulin-Like Growth Factors
194(1)
Trophic Collaborations
195(1)
Trophic Factor Influences on Glial-Guided Radial Migration
196(1)
Trophic Factor Influences on Tangential Migration
197(3)
NT4 Produces Heterotopic Accumulations of Neurons in the MZ in vitro
198(1)
NT4, But not BDNF, Produces Heterotopias in a TrkB-Mediated Response
198(2)
NT4 Also Produces Heterotopic Neuronal Collections in vivo
200(1)
Pathogenesis of NT4-Induced Heterotopias
200(4)
NT4 Does Not Induce Cell Proliferation in the Marginal Zone
201(1)
NT4-Induced Heterotopias are Composed of Marginal Zone Neurons
202(1)
NT4-Induced Accumulation of Neurons is not at the Expense of the Subplate
202(1)
Heterotopic Neurons are not Misplaced Cortical Plate Cells
202(1)
Heterotopias do not Result from the Trauma of Intraventricular Injection
203(1)
Heterotopias are not Caused by Rescue of MZ Neurons from Cell Death
203(1)
What is the Source of the Excess Neurons that Form NT4-Induced Heterotopias?
204(13)
References
207(10)
Signalling from Tyrosine Kinases in the Developing Neurons and Glia of the Mammalian Brain
217(24)
Elena Cattaneo
Massimo Gulisano
Introduction
217(1)
Tyrosine Kinases During CNS Development
218(3)
Growth Factors and Their Cell Surface Receptors
218(3)
Phospho-Tyrosines and Their SH2 Partners
221(2)
Controlling the Activity of the Ras-MAPK Pathway
223(4)
The Players
223(2)
MAPK: Proliferation or Differentiation?
225(1)
Changing Adaptors for the Ras-MAPK Pathway: The Shc(s)
226(1)
Controlling Cell-Survival Via PI3K
227(2)
The JAK/STAT Pathway: A New Route to Proliferation and Differentiation in the Brain
229(3)
The Action of Phosphatases
232(1)
Concluding Remarks
233(8)
References
234(7)
The Role of the p35/cdk5 Kinase in Cortical Development
241(14)
Yong T. Kwon
and Li-Huei Tsai
Introduction
241(1)
cdk5
241(1)
p35 Family Members
242(1)
Expression Patterns
243(1)
Function of the cdk5 Kinase in Neurite Outgrowth
243(1)
p35 and cdk5 Knockout Mice
244(3)
p35/cdk5 and Reeler/Scrambler
247(1)
Substrates
248(1)
Regulation
248(1)
Conclusion
249(6)
References
251(4)
The Reelin-Signaling Pathway and Mouse Cortical Development
255(22)
Isabelle Bar
Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit
Andre M. Goffinet
Introduction
255(1)
Overview of Early Cortical Development in Normal Mice
255(3)
The Preplate
257(1)
Appearance of the Cortical Plate
257(1)
Cortical Phenotype in Reeler Mutant Mice
258(4)
Reelin (Reln)
262(6)
The Reln Gene
262(3)
Reln mRNA Expression During Cortical Development
265(1)
Reln Protein
265(1)
Studies of Reln Function
266(1)
Reelin is Processed in vivo by a Metalloproteinase
266(1)
Reln an Axonal Growth
267(1)
Mouse Disabled1 and Scrambler/Yotari Mutations
268(3)
Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Apolipoprote in E Receptor Type 2
271(6)
References
274(3)
The Subpial Granular Layer in the Developing Cerebral Cortex of Rodents
277(16)
Gundela Meyer
Rafael Castro
Jose Miguel Soria
Alfonso Fairen
Introduction
277(2)
Neuronal Populations of the Rodent Marginal Zone
279(6)
Pioneer Neurons
279(2)
The Subpial Granular Layer
281(3)
Reelin-Expressing Cajal-Retzius Cells of Rodent Cortex
284(1)
Possible Origin of the Rodent Subpial Granular Layer
285(1)
Radial and Tangential Migration Pathways into the Cortex
286(2)
Conclusions
288(5)
References
289(4)
Development of Thalamocortical Projections in Normal and Mutant Mice
293(40)
Zoltan Molnar
Anthony J. Hannan
Introduction
293(1)
Neurogenesis and Formation of Mammalian Cortical Plate
294(1)
Introduction to Development of Thalamic Nuclei
295(1)
Overview of Thalamocortical Projections in the Adult Mouse
296(1)
Timing and Early Pattern of Thalamic Axon Outgrowth
296(5)
The Waiting Period
298(1)
Invasion of the Cortex and Establishment of Laminar Termination Patterns
299(2)
The Thalamocortical Pathways are Modified in Regions Where Transient Cells are Located During Development
301(1)
The Handshake Hypothesis
301(1)
Introduction to the Development of Barrel Cortex
302(2)
Mutant Mice Provide New Insights into Developmental Mechanisms
303(1)
Axonal Pathfinding at the Cortico-Striatal Junction in Tbr-1, Gbx-2 and Pax-6 KO Mice
304(6)
The reeler Mouse
305(1)
The reeler Phenotype
305(1)
The reeler Mutant Mouse as a Model System to Explore Mechanisms of Thalamocortical Development
305(4)
The L1 KO Mouse
309(1)
Possible Inhibitory Factory in and Around the Internal Capsule
309(1)
Mutants with Disturbances in Thalamocortical Interactions
310(12)
Barrel Formation in reeler Mouse
312(1)
The Barrelless Mouse
313(1)
The Barrelless Phenotype
313(1)
Lack of Formation and Stabilisation of Barrel Patterns in the Mutant
314(1)
Similar Areal Differences in Thalamocortical Innervation Patterns in Normal and Barrelless Mice
314(1)
The MAO-A KO Mouse
315(1)
The NMDA Receptor KO Mouse: Role of Activity in Barrel Formation
316(1)
A Specific Postsynaptic Defect in Barrel Formation Identified in PLC-$1 Knockout mice
317(1)
The GAP-43 KO Mouse
318(1)
Overview of Mutant Mice with Barrelless Phenotypes
319(1)
Mutations Indirectly Affecting Thalamocortical Development
319(1)
Thalamocortical Topography in Anophthalmic Mutants and After Early Binocular Enucleation
320(1)
Altered Thalamocortical Topography in Albinism and After Early Monocular Enucleation
321(1)
Extranumery Vibrissae
322(1)
Conclusions
322(11)
References
323(10)
Subject Index 333

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